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The Official Blog of Acuity Knowledge Partners

Unboxing the modern “Pandora’s box” – the Pandora Papers leak

Published on October 26, 2021 by Anisha Shangari , Swati Gera and Mansi Verma

Time and technology can certainly change the dynamics of anything. In the past, only regulatory bodies and journalists would investigate high-profile politicians, businesspersons, athletes, movie stars and rock stars owning assets through an “offshore entity”, but now, even social media talks of offshore structures being exposed and tax havens being scrutinised.

What are these “offshore structures” and why have they become the preferred choice of the ultra-rich?

According to law firm FDMA, in terms of corporate vehicles, “offshore financial centres” (OFCs) are locations that host financial activity separated from major regulating units by geography and/or legislation. Companies established in such locations are called offshore entities. Some well-known OFCs are Bermuda, the British Virgin Islands, the Cayman Islands, Panama and Switzerland. However, it is important to note that the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) does not define the term “offshore”.

Offshore Company Benefits

Asset Protection

Better Privacy

Ease of Incorporation

Tax Optimization

Are offshore entities illegal? Surprisingly, the answer is “no”.

There are legitimate reasons for establishing an offshore entity, such as the following:

  • Financial privacy: protection from extortion (common in countries such as Mexico)

  • Legal framework: certain OFCs provide better legal and judicial facilities than an individual’s home country

  • Better banking infrastructure: in some jurisdictions such as Peru, it is a tedious process to get bank affiliation, hence they prefer setting up companies in OFCs

  • Lower tax rates: certain OFCs allow low or no capital gains tax through indirect asset transfers

However, certain loopholes in the law enable individuals to avoid paying taxes by moving their cash around, but this is considered unethical. Offshore entities are sometimes used for the following purposes:

  • Hiding money or not reporting earnings for purposes of tax evasion

  • Hiding ownership from law enforcement authorities, as the entity uses proceeds of crime or uses cash for financing terrorist activity, or the entity is used for laundering money

A number of investigations have been launched to assess whether such entities have been established to conduct legal business.

Investigations conducted by the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ) haves led to publishing the Panama Papers (2016), the Paradise Papers (2017) and most recently the Pandora Papers (2021).

These leaks disclose confidential documents relating to offshore investments by wealthy individuals and public officials.

Leaks

Highlights of the Pandora Papers:

  • • The following issues are discussed in the Pandora Papers: creation of shell companies, foundations and trusts, and the use of such entities to purchase yachts, jets, real estate and life insurance; making investments and moving money between bank accounts; estate planning; avoiding taxes through complex financial schemes; and engaging in financial crime including money laundering

  • Some files date to the 1970s, but most of those reviewed were created from 1996 to 2020

Volume

2.9TB

Leaks from how many firms

14

Global politicians named

330

From how many countries

90

Forbes billionaires named

More than 130

Who are worth more than

$US600bn

Journalist involved

More than 600

From how many countries

117

It is estimated that USD32tn could be hidden in OFCs from being taxed (list); this is more than any country’s GDP (the US reported the highest GDP of USD22tn as of 2020)

Notable individuals named in the Pandora Papers – from Forbes billionaires and celebrities to leaders of religious groups:

Following the leaks of the Panama and Paradise Papers, the governments of a number of countries started investigations, considered formulating legislation to regulate companies and even doubled their scrutiny of the trust sector. The following are some examples:

  • The European Union (EU) announced plans to tighten corporate oversight, forcing companies to publicly identify their real owners and give permanent status to temporary investigative committees

  • The Australian Taxation Office started investigating 800 Australians, stating that some of the cases may be referred to the country's Serious Financial Crime Task Force (source: link)

  • France restored Panama to its tax havens list from which it had recently been removed

  • Clients of Mossack Fonseca were fined USD440,000 by the regulators of the British Virgin Islands for breaching counter-terrorist financing (CTF) and anti-money laundering (AML) regulations. The fine was the highest ever levied by the regulator

  • The National Directorate of Taxes and Customs of Colombia launched an investigation of all 850 clients of Mossack Fonseca Colombia, a subsidiary of Mossack Fonseca that was established in 2009. In 2014, Colombia had placed Panama on its blacklist of tax havens.

All these leaks have forced governments to adopt tax transparency measures but stop short of requiring full transparency. The following are some initiatives that could be taken to stop tax abuse and hold tax accountable:

  • Anti-money laundering obligations to be extended to private-sector intermediaries such as corporate services providers

    • Example: According to the EU’s Fifth Anti-Money Laundering Directive (the Directive), the scope of due diligence is to be extended to high-value dealers, digital-currency providers and auditors and tax advisors. The Directive also requires due diligence to be performed on all parties involved in transaction(s) crossing the EUR10,000 (USD11,000) threshold

  • Recovery of money –progress is slow, but

    • Twenty-three countries have recovered at least USD1.2bn in taxes

    • Heads of government implicated in corruption or tax avoidance have resigned or faced prosecution

    • There have been investigations in at least 82 countries

  • Supervisory and regulatory bodies to have the ability to penalise or suspend licences of businesses or professionals that do not meet AML and CTF standards

  • Compile a global registry to identify ultimate beneficial owners (UBOs) of companies

  • In addition to collaboration between global investigating agencies, a global centralised investigative agency could handle the problem more efficiently

In most countries, moving money through offshore accounts is not considered illegal, and many of the individuals named in the Pandora Papers are not accused of wrongdoing. However, according to the investigators, the focus is on the fact that the “offshore money machine operates in every corner of the planet, including the world’s largest democracies” and involves some of the world’s most well-known banks and legal firms. Hence, it is of utmost importance that OFCs not become a breeding ground for tax evaders and money launderers.

How Acuity Knowledge Partners can help:

Our expert team of due diligence analysts assess the financial crime risk of a given entity or individual by evaluating multiple data points [compiled from numerous corroborating primary (local, regional and international regulatory bodies) and secondary (open source) sources] and provide a comprehensive first-level report that can be used by first and second lines of business to take informed decisions when engaging with their customers, vendors and investments.

Access to multiple data sources (primary and secondary)

Our research pedigree and expertise

Incorporating best practices in KYC/AML procedures implemented by industry leaders

Efficient due diligence life-cycle management, reducing up to 30% in operating costs

Faster turnaround times

Access to our Innovation Lab to build customised, next-gen KYC/AML solutions (e.g., access to our financial crimes compliance risk calculator and country risk matrix)


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About the Authors

Anisha Shangari is a Delivery Manager at Acuity Knowledge Partners, with her experience spanning 9.5 years. At Acuity, she oversees engagements related to enhanced due diligence with a focus on identifying risks and assessing measures to mitigate the same. Prior to Acuity, she worked at American Express in the areas of risk management, specifically in fraud detection. Anisha's professional journey is anchored by her academic achievements, including a Master's degree in Mathematics from the University of Delhi, augmented by a Six Sigma Green Belt certification from The Indian Institute of Statistics.

Swati Gera has 5 years of experience in Anti Money Laundering (AML) Analytics and Compliance reporting, having previously worked for Infosys. Her expertise spans across the risk and compliance sector, focusing on AML and know your customer (KYC). At Acuity Knowledge Partners she is responsible for KYC/AML support to Compliance Services. Swati has done her engineering from Lingayas University, Faridabad.

Mansi Verma has 7 years of experience in the Financial Crimes Compliance domain. She previously worked with KPMG. Her expertise spans across the risk and compliance sector, focusing on Due Diligence and know your customer (KYC). At Acuity Knowledge Partners she is responsible for KYC/AML support to Compliance Services. Mansi has done her graduation from Shri Ram College of Commerce.

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